Another, much smaller, antelope is endemic to Uganda: Bate’s pigmy antelope, weighing only tree kilos 9 seven 1bs). The smallest ungulate in East Africa, it inhabits the country’s western forests, but is rarely seen as it prefers thick cover and is very shy. Africa’s largest antelope, the eland, is also found in the country. The rare giant, or Land Derby’s eland – the male of which could weigh up to 900 kilos (2,000 1bs)  -was once was found in Northern Uganda west of the Albert Nile, but it is doubtful that any remain.

The smaller common eland  -weighing in at round 700 kilos (1,500 1bs), occurs in kidepo Valley  National park in the south of the country .Both  species feature long, spiraled horns and large dewlaps.

Kidepo Valley national park is also a home of two other beautiful, spiral – horned antelope, the greater kudu and the lesser kudu. Although, true to its name, the lesser kudu is about half the size of greater, both varieties having light brown coats and delicates white stripes down the sides of their bodies. Only the males have horns.  Two species of the awkward – looking hartebeest, with its long mournful face, exist in Uganda. Most common is Jackson’s hartebeest found Kidepo and Lake Mburo national parks. While the lewdly hartebeest occurs west of the Nile. The hartebeest’s darker cousin, the topi, is frequently seen in the Ishasha sector of Queen Elizabeth National Park.

Any visitor is pretty sure to see the shaggy – looking water buck while on safari in Uganda, as it occurs trough out the country, often grazing near water the variety that occurs there is the defassa water buck which has a solid white rump. (Its relative, the common water buck, found further to the East, has a white ring on its rump.)

The handsome roan antelope is a red –dish- brown animal with short, back ward – curving horns and a small mane on the  on the back of its neck. Although said to be present in Lake Mburo and Kidepo valley National parks, it must be few in number, as sightings are rare. The rapier – horned, gregarious beisa Oryx, weighing over 200kilos (440 1bs), is a truly desert – adapted species that makes its home in Uganda in the drier parts of Kidepo Valley National Park.

Another species preferring the arid lands found in Kidepo is the delicate Grant’s gazelle, a light brown animal with lyre- shaped horns. Although herds can number up to 400, it is more common to see 20 to 400 of these gazelles grazing together on the plains.

Although quite common elsewhere in East Africa, the chestnut-colored Impala is found in Uganda only in Lake Mburo National park. Only the males have horns. Impala are tremendous jumpers, and it’s a fantastic sight to see a heard, white tails flashing, leaping over bushes and rocks, often seemingly just for the sheer joy of it.

More elusive is the bushbuck, common but shy antelope of the forest and rerine woodland. In Uganda, bushbuck can be found in most forest and national parks; it is particularly plentiful in Queen Elizabeth National park. The male bushbuck is handsome animal with dark chestnut coat flecked with white spots and stripes. The female is smaller and lighter colored and is often mistaken for a duiker, of which there are numerous species in Uganda. Most Ugandan duikers prefer forest as their habitat, but one, the grey duiker, is more often seen in woodland and savannah. The red Harvey’s, blue and yellow-backed duikers are wide spread in the country’s forests.

One of the more unusual antelope’s resident in Uganda is the situnga, found in many of the country’s papyrus swamps, where the animal’s greatly elongated hooves enable it to walk on floating vegetation. Its is very shy and hence difficult to see; when confronted, it dives under the water and hides, with only its nose showing.

The medium-sized, yellowish Bohor reedbuck, which prefers rank, medium-height grasslands as its home, may be found in Lake Mburo, Queen Elizabeth, Murchison falls national parks. Featuring small, crescent-shaped horns, it is often seen in pairs in open country near water.

Look for the smaller, 18-kilo (40-1b) Klipspringer prancing about on cliffs, rocky hillsides, and mountain screes. It is thought that the klipspringer mates for life; they are often seen in pairs. Lake Mburo National park’s home to the straw-colored Oribi, readily Identified by a large black mark, a gland, below each ear. Very much a grassland animal, it lives in small herds

The largest land animals in the world is the Elephant, has surprisingly managed to hang on, despite massive poaching and its numbers are once again climbing. Two races are recognized in the country, the savannah elephants and the forest elephants, and the two are thought to interbreed in parts of western Uganda. Particularly large herds exist in the kidepo valley National park, but elephants can also be found in Murchison falls, Queen Elizabeth and kibale forest national parks.

You shouldn’t have any trouble at all to see one of the big five in any Ugandan safari; The African Buffalo is hardy and adaptable animal is found virtually all the national park and forest, often in large herds. You may even spot a mixed breed of savannah buffalo and the West African red buffalo in queen Elizabeth National park.

Heavy poaching has made Africa’s largest cat, the lion, scarce; nevertheless it does continue to exist. Your best chance of seeing these impressive predators is in Kidepo valley National park, but it is also present in Murchison falls and Queen Elizabeth National parks.

Although rarely seen because of the nocturnal and secretive nature, the leopard is also found virtually in almost in all Uganda’s National parks and forest as well in areas close to human inhabitation. It has resotte-shaped spots and is more stockily built than the streamlined cheetah, which in Uganda is found in kidepo valley national park.

Other members of the cat family present in Uganda are the Caracal and the serval, although both are rarely seen as the are nocturnal. Also nocturnal are the catlike civet and genet, which are wide spread through out the country. While the genet may often be spotted slinking around campsites at night, the civet is seldom seen.

Of the other predators resident in Uganda, the most likely to be seen is the spotted hyena, which is surprisingly more related to the mongoose and the cat than it is to the dog, which it more closely resembles. Living in clans dominated by females, the hyena is widespread and common through out the country, though it prefers the savannah and woodland habitats.

The African hunting dog is a ferocious and successful hunter, but it is on the brink of extinction because of its susceptibility to canine disease. This highly social animal, many of whose characteristics resemble those of the domestic dog, is said to be present in Queen Elizabeth National Park, but its numbers are few.

Two races of another member of the dog family reside in the country: the black backed jackal and the side striped jackal. Both are present in many of Uganda’s national parks, although the latter is the most likely to seen.

Another predator found through out Uganda but rarely seen is ratel, or honey badger which has an amazing symbiotic relational ship with greater honey guide. The bird, wanting honey, will lead the ratel to beehive. The ratel then obligingly tears the hive open, eating what it wants, leaving the rest for the honey guide

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Vocal communication among gorillas is important in within-group interactions as well as extra-group interactions. Within-group calls, include “copulatory grunts” and “whimpers” during copulation, “whines” and “whimpers” by infants, “play chuckles” during play, “intense” and “mild cough grunts” during mild threat displays, and “close” calls that include both “syllabled” and “non-syllabled” calls such as “train-grunts” and “dog whines”.”Close” calls are commonly given within the group in situations of either potential separation or potential conflict. Extra-group calls serve to alert group members of potential predation and include “barks” or are given as long-distance threat displays upon detection of another group and include the “hoot series,” which may be accompanied by chest beating. Most calling occurs within-groups during feeding times, though gorillas also call during rest periods as well.

Silverbacks are typically more aggressive than other group members since the troop’s safety is their responsibility. The silverback makes all group decisions, is responsible for most of the calls, receives the dominant portion of food (even when resources are limited) and can terminate troublesome behavior with just a look. A male must have an established home range and great strength to confront any rival before acquiring his own troop. Therefore most silverbacks are usually solitary for about four years and turn 15 before acquiring a troop of their own.

The oldest and strongest adult male silverback is usually dominant in the troop and has exclusive breeding rights to the females. Adolescent females transfer to another troop before reproducing at around eight years of age. Generally the first troop a female reproduces in will become her permanent family. A female’s status or rank in the family is generally determined by the order in which she was recruited into the troop. Late arrivals do not receive the benefits of high ranking females such as having their offspring remain close to the dominant silverback for protection. It is for this reason that females most often join a lone silverback or a newly formed troop rather than a long-established one.

An adolescent male most often splits from his parent group due to lack of breeding opportunity. Usually the adolescent male will remain solitary until he forms his own troop. This process takes several years and begins by the juvenile male separating himself just outside from the troop. As time progresses, his distances increase from the parental group.

Troop populations usually range in size from 2 to 12 individuals with 9 being the average. They are highly synchronized in their activity patterns. If a troop consists of multiple silverbacks they are usually the sons of the dominant adult male silverback. One of the largest gorilla troops identified had 4 silverbacks, 5 blackbacks, 12 adult females, and 16 young.

Accommodation
Gorillas construct “beds” to sleep in at the end of the day. They gather vegetation around them in trees or on the ground. Gorillas construct a new nest each night because they travel to different locations during the day foraging. The daily construction of new nests also helps avoid parasites that may nest in the bedding. Infants sleep in their mother’s nest until they are about three years of age. However, some offspring as young as eight months practice nest building. Nests function to keep the mountain gorillas off the cold ground, prevent them slipping down a slope, or support them in a tree during the night. Researchers can identify the size, age, activity and make-up of a gorilla troop based on their nests.

A group’s hierarchy, ritualized behavior and bluff charges between males prevent conflict among and between groups. Gorillas scream, grab foliage and stuff it in their mouths, stand erect on their hind legs, tear up and throw plants, drum on the chest with hands or fists, stamp their feet, strike the ground with the palms of their hands and gallop in a mock attack on all fours.
Physical Characteristics
The gorilla is massive, with a short, thick trunk and broad chest and shoulders. Its eyes and ears are dwarfed by its large head and hairless, shiny black muzzle. Older males develop a crown of muscle and hair that makes the head look even longer. The arms are longer than the stubby legs. The fully adult male mountain gorilla is twice as large as the femal

The Scientific name of the mountain Gorilla is Gorilla beringei, size 6 feet tall, weight 300 to 425 pounds,lifespan -53years in captivity,  habitat-dense forest, rain forest, diet –vegetation,preditors-leopards, crocodiles, humans. Gorillas are non-territorial and live in groups called troops that generally consist of 1 to 4 adult males (called silverbacks), some juvenile males (called black-backs), several adult females and young.